Final Exam Review

 

  1. Know the distinctive features of each kingdom in the five-kingdom system.
  2. What ecological roles do most members of each kingdom fall into? Are there exceptions?
  3. What are the four possible modes of nutrition for all organisms, and which kingdoms use each.
  4. What is the difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?
  5. What does the Gram test result have to do with antibiotic choices, eg. Penicillin vs. Streptomycin?
  6. What is the age of the Earth?
  7. When do the first fossils of monerans appear in the fossil record?
  8. When do the first fossils of protists appear in the fossil record?
  9. Know the major differences between prokaryotes (Monera) and Eukaryotes (Protista and the other Kingdoms).
  10. What major changes had to occur for monerans to give rise to protists? (in both their external environment and internal arragements)?
  11. What are the two main theories of how eukaryotes evolved?
  12. What were some of the first/major adaptations plants needed to live on land?
  13. What is the difference between N, N + N, and 2N in a lifecycle? (also expressed as haploid/diploid, dikaryon, or sporophyte/gametophyte). Do all kingdoms use each life stage/generation equally?
  14. Define syngamy, plasmogamy, and karyogamy.
  15. What are the four major taxonomic groups of plants and how do they differ? When did each group evolve, and when were they most successful?
  16. How did certain events punctuating the major geologic eras affect plant and animal evolution?
  17. What are the major extinctions of plant life and what caused them?
  18. What is the equation for photosynthesis? How is each requirement in this equation obtained? How is nitrogen obtained, and in what form?
  19. What are mycorrhizae, and why are they important?
  20. What are lichens, and what role do they play in ecosystems? In ecological succession?
  21. What features do all fungi share? What is their generalized body type?
  22. What organisms are included in Protista and why?
  23. What are the major taxonomic separations between phyla of animals?
  24. Parazoa vs. Eumetazoa
  25. Radiata vs. Bilateria
  26. Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates and Schizocoelomates
  27. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
  28. Invertebrate vs. vertebrate chordates
  29. Know the order of evolution among the vertebrate classes. Which adaptations did each group acquire to become more successful?
  30. How did events during the major geologic periods affect vertebrate evolution?Which geologic periods/eras saw the greatest success of each group?
  31. What are the major extinctions of animal life and what caused them?
  32. When did most phyla of invertebrate animals evolve?
  33. Know the difference between external and internal fertilization. Which vertebrate classes use each?
  34. Know what groups of animals exemplify oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous methods of bearing young.
  35. Know examples of different mammals that exemplify oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous methods of bearing young.
  36. What are some of the most successful groups of terrestrial animals? What traits contribute to their success?
  37. What happens to food as it passes through the digestive system? What specialized regions take place in the process? What occurs in each location (in general terms)?
  38. Know major differences in digestive systems for :
  39. Lower invertebrates
  40. Herbivores vs. carnivores
  41. Ruminants vs. non-ruminating herbivores.
  42. What is the purpose of hemolymph, and which animals have it?
  43. What is the purpose of blood, and which animals have it?
  44. How does respiratory gas exchange occur in:
  45. Lower invertebrates
  46. Insect
  47. Aquatic vs. terrestrial vertebrates
  48. What major differences separate the circulatory systems of
  49. Fish
  50. Amphibians and reptiles
  51. Birds and mammals
  52. What methods for osmoregulation/waste removal are used by
  53. Most invertebrates
  54. Insects
  55. Fish
  56. Reptiles and birds
  57. Mammals
  58. What are the key elements of a plant's "circulatory system", and are the major forces working to move materials through the plant body?
  59. What differentiates the study of population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology?
  60. What important interspecific interactions did we study? Be able to give at least one example of each.
  61. What is competitive exclusion, and what are some ways in which species can overcome it?